Science, Cosmology and Theology

Cosmology models the observable universe using measurements and mathematical theories. Kalam asks further questions about existence, dependence and creation. A model describing an early hot dense phase does not automatically prove creation from nothing, and a speculative pre-Big-Bang model does not automatically disprove a Creator. Explain the evidential limits of each field: observations test physical models, while metaphysical arguments require explicitly defended premises. Students should avoid attaching religious certainty to a scientific hypothesis that may later be revised.