Medical Fiqh: Consent, Treatment and End-of-Life

Medical fiqh must distinguish clinical facts from normative judgements. Valid consent ordinarily requires adequate information, decision-making capacity and freedom from coercion; emergencies and incapacity create special cases. The duty to preserve life interacts with questions of harm, benefit and the limits of treatment. End-of-life decisions must distinguish withholding futile interventions from intentionally causing death, and should be assessed with competent medical evidence and qualified juristic guidance. Students should not infer a specific ruling merely from a broad maxim without identifying the case and its conditions.