Tayammum

Chapter of Tayammum. A person who does not find water while travelling, or who is outside the city with approximately a mile or more between him and the city, may perform tayammum. Likewise, if water is present but illness may worsen through its use, or if a person in janābah fears that washing in the cold will kill him or make him ill, he performs tayammum with clean earth.

Tayammum consists of two strikes: with one he wipes the face and with the other the hands up to the elbows. Tayammum for janābah and minor ritual impurity is the same.

According to Abū Ḥanīfah and Muḥammad, tayammum is valid with anything of the genus of earth, such as soil, sand, stone, gypsum, lime, kohl, and arsenic. Abū Yūsuf says that it is valid only with soil and sand.

Intention is obligatory in tayammum and recommended in wuḍūʾ. Everything that invalidates wuḍūʾ invalidates tayammum, and seeing water when one is able to use it also invalidates it. Tayammum is valid only with clean earth.

For one who does not find water but hopes to find it near the end of the prayer time, it is recommended to delay the prayer until the end of the time. If water is found, he performs wuḍūʾ and prays; otherwise he performs tayammum. With one tayammum he may pray as many obligatory and voluntary prayers as he wishes.

A healthy person in a city may perform tayammum when a funeral prayer is present and someone else is the guardian, if occupying himself with purification would cause him to miss it. Likewise, one who attends Eid and fears that purification will cause him to miss the Eid prayer may perform tayammum and pray.

If one fears that purification will cause him to miss Friday prayer, he does not perform tayammum; he performs wuḍūʾ. If he catches Jumuʿah, he prays it; otherwise he prays four rakʿahs of Ẓuhr. Likewise, if the prayer time becomes narrow and he fears that wuḍūʾ will cause the time to pass, he does not perform tayammum; he performs wuḍūʾ and prays it as a missed prayer.

If a traveller forgets water in his baggage, performs tayammum and prays, then remembers the water while the prayer time remains, he does not repeat the prayer according to Abū Ḥanīfah and Muḥammad. Abū Yūsuf says that he repeats it.

A person performing tayammum is not required to search for water when he has no strong reason to think it is nearby. If he strongly believes water is there, tayammum is not valid until he searches for it. If his companion has water, he asks him for it before tayammum; if the companion refuses, he performs tayammum and prays.