Divine Unity and the Impossibility of Multiple Gods

The argument from conflicting wills considers whether two unrestricted deities could independently determine opposite outcomes. Absolute divinity cannot be divided between competing powers.

By the end of this chapter, explain the central terms of Divine Unity and the Impossibility of Multiple Gods; distinguish the main claim from its supporting evidence; apply the concept to a relevant case; and identify an important limitation or misconception.

Theological method: state the precise proposition, define the technical terms, identify whether its proof is rational or transmitted, and test each inference. A Qur’anic reference guides belief but does not automatically prove every philosophical premise attributed to it. Distinguish established Sunni doctrine from a particular scholar’s argument.

Study the argument in four steps: define its main idea, identify the evidence, examine an objection, and explain what the evidence actually proves. Keep the Qur'an's words separate from later theological explanations. Allah is the Creator, while natural processes describe the observed means through which He creates.