وَالْخَبَرُ هُوَ الَّذِي يُقَالُ لِقَائِلِهِ إِنَّهُ صَادِقٌ أَوْ كَاذِبٌ فِيهِ بِالذَّاتِ لَا بِالْعَرَضِ.منطق کی پہلی کتاب — باب 16- State the chapter definition of judgement and declarative statement.
- Recognize the book's distinctions and example.
- Apply the chapter rule to a fresh case.
Judgement: affirming or denying a meaning of a subject. Khabar: speech that can be described as true or false.
A command, a question, and a supplication are not khabar, because they do not state an occurrence in a way that is itself judged true or false.
Chapter Introduction
When we affirm or deny something about a subject, a judgement is formed. The declarative expression of that judgement is called khabar.
Important Point
Truth and falsity attach to a declarative judgement.
01
Book Example
“Zayd is present” is khabar; “Is Zayd present?” is a question; “Call Zayd” is a command.
01حکم
Judgement
Affirmation or negation about a subject
02خبر
Declarative statement
Speech that can be true or false
03صدق
Truth
The statement's being true
04کذب
Falsity
The statement's being false
- Truth and falsity belong to khabar, not to every kind of expression.